PARKINSONS & PARKINSONISM-BRAAK STAGES

SUMMARY

BRAAK STAGES 1 & 2: PRE-MOTOR/PRODROMAL PHASE
1. Olfactory bulb: anosmia
2. Pons: REM sleep disorder, incomnia, daytime somnolence
3. Medulla: autonomic dysfunction
4. Gut: constipation

BRAAK STAGES 3 & 4: MOTOR/CLINICAL PHASE
5. Motor symptoms: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postura & gait disturbance

BRAAK STAGES 5 & 6: COGNITIVE PHASE
6. Cognitive impairment, dementia, hallucinations, depression & anxiety

Reference(s)

Wilkinson, I., Furmedge, D. and Sinharay, R. (2017). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Get it on Amazon.
Feather, A., Randall, D. and Waterhouse, M. (2020). Kumar And Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. S.L.: Elsevier Health Sciences. Get it on Amazon.
Hannaman, R. A., Bullock, L., Hatchell, C. A., & Yoffe, M. (2016). Internal medicine review core curriculum, 2017-2018. CO Springs, CO: MedStudy.
Therapeutic Guidelines. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. https://www.tg.org.au [Accessed 2021].