PAIN-RED FLAG SYMPTOMS

SUMMARY

1. Age of onset less than 20 years or more than 55 years

2. Recent history of trauma

3. Constant progressive, non-mechanical pain (no relief or worsening with bed rest)

4. Thoracic pain

5. Medical history of malignancy

6. Prolonged use of corticosteroids

7. Drug abuse, immunosuppression, HIV infection

8. Systemically unwell

9. Unexplained weight loss

10. Bowel or bladder incontinence, saddle anaesthesia

11. Fever

Reference(s)

Cifu, D.X. (2020). Braddom’s physical medicine and rehabilitation. Elsevier. Get it on Amazon.
Cuccurullo, S. (2019). Physical medicine and rehabilitation board review. New York: Demosmedical. Get it on Amazon.
O’Young, B., Young, M.A. and Stiens, S.A. (2008). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets. Mosby. Get it on Amazon.