PAIN-CLINICAL FORMULATION DOMAIN 3, CONTEXT

SUMMARY

What are the personal & environmental factors that alter the pain for better or worse? Individualise the condition and assess psychological strengths & vulnerabilities. Assess the bio-psycho-social factors:

1. Social: education, literacy, family history of diseases/disabilities, housing, economic & legal circumstances (i.e. work-cover), lifestyle, negative events in childhood, physical environment, social environment (family), employment/unemployment

2. Psychological: attitudes/beliefs, understanding, coping style, self-efficacy, mood

3. Biomedical: evidence of altered nociception/neuropathy (central sensitization), medications (opioid-induced hyperalgesia)

Reference(s)

Cifu, D.X. (2020). Braddom’s physical medicine and rehabilitation. Elsevier. Get it on Amazon.
Cuccurullo, S. (2019). Physical medicine and rehabilitation board review. New York: Demosmedical. Get it on Amazon.
O’Young, B., Young, M.A. and Stiens, S.A. (2008). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets. Mosby. Get it on Amazon.