OSTEOPOROSIS-RISK FACTORS

SUMMARY

NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
1. Advanced age, female sex, Asian or Caucasian ethnicity

2. Previous history of fragility fracture (no trauma or from fall less than standing height)

3. History of fragility fracture in first degree relative

4. Menopause before age 40

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
5. Weight less than 127 lbs or BMI < 21

6. Alcohol intake of 2 or more drinks/day

7. Current or previous use of glucocorticoid therapy: > 3 months at a dose of > 5 mg/d of prednisone

8. Cigarette smoking

9. Inactivity or immobilization

10. Concurrent medical problems: endocrinopathies (Cushing's disease, hypogonadism), GI diseases (UC, Crohn's, coeliac disease).

Reference(s)

Wilkinson, I., Furmedge, D. and Sinharay, R. (2017). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Get it on Amazon.
Feather, A., Randall, D. and Waterhouse, M. (2020). Kumar And Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. S.L.: Elsevier Health Sciences. Get it on Amazon.
Hannaman, R. A., Bullock, L., Hatchell, C. A., & Yoffe, M. (2016). Internal medicine review core curriculum, 2017-2018. CO Springs, CO: MedStudy.
Therapeutic Guidelines. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. https://www.tg.org.au [Accessed 2021].