OSTEOPOROSIS-INX, BLOODS OR URINE

SUMMARY

1. Serum calcium levels: normal in osteoporosis but may be elevated with other bone diseases

2. Vitamin D: deficiencies can lead to decreased calcium absorption

3. Thyroid tests: screen for thyroid disease

4. Parathyroid hormone (PTH): check for hyperparathyroidism

5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): to check for menopause

6. Testosterone: check for deficiency in men

7. Myeloma panel: protein electrophoresis, light chains, ESR

8. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): assessment of bone turn-over

9. Bone turnover markers: CTX, NTX, pyridinium crosslinks, urinary hydroxyproline, TRAP 5b, BSP

10. Pituitary markers & imaging: ACTH, GH, IGF-1, LH, FSH, TSH, prolactin, MRI of the pituitary

Reference(s)

Wilkinson, I., Furmedge, D. and Sinharay, R. (2017). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Get it on Amazon.
Feather, A., Randall, D. and Waterhouse, M. (2020). Kumar And Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. S.L.: Elsevier Health Sciences. Get it on Amazon.
Hannaman, R. A., Bullock, L., Hatchell, C. A., & Yoffe, M. (2016). Internal medicine review core curriculum, 2017-2018. CO Springs, CO: MedStudy.
Therapeutic Guidelines. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. https://www.tg.org.au [Accessed 2021].