COSTAL ELEMENTS
From NeuroRehab.wiki
SUMMARY
1. In the cervical vertebra the costal elements form the foramen transversarium. May also form cervical ribs.
2. In the thoracic vertebrae the costal elements form the ribs.
3. In the lumbar vertebrae the costal elements are vestigial and fuse with the body of the vertebrae to form transverse processes.
Image: Dr. Appukutty Manickam.
Reference(s)
R.M.H McMinn (1998). Last’s anatomy: regional and applied. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Get it on Amazon.
Drake, Richard L., et al. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier, 2023. Get it on Amazon.
