CLINICAL-CAUSES OF PITTING B OR L LL OEDEMA

SUMMARY

1. Cardiac - CCF.

2. Renal - nephrotic syndrome causing hypoalbuminemia.

3. Hepatic - cirrhosis causing hypoalbuminemia.

4. GIT - malabsorption, starvation, protein-losing enteropathy causing hypoalbuminemia.

5. Drugs - calcium channel blockers.

6. Venous - varicose veins.

7. Beri-beri.

8. Cyclical edema.

9. B/L joint trauma/surgery.

Reference(s)

Wilkinson, I., Furmedge, D. and Sinharay, R. (2017). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Get it on Amazon.
Feather, A., Randall, D. and Waterhouse, M. (2020). Kumar And Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. S.L.: Elsevier Health Sciences. Get it on Amazon.
Hannaman, R. A., Bullock, L., Hatchell, C. A., & Yoffe, M. (2016). Internal medicine review core curriculum, 2017-2018. CO Springs, CO: MedStudy.
Therapeutic Guidelines. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. https://www.tg.org.au [Accessed 2021].