BLADDER-CALCULI INVESTIGATIONS

SUMMARY

1. Urine pH.

2. Urine calcium.

3. Urine oxalate (oxalic acid).

4. Urine uric acid.

5. Urine creatinine (does not cause stones but is used to tell if all urine was collected and help identify how concentrated the urine is).

6. Urine citrate (citric acid; this substance helps inhibit the formation of stones).

7. Urine cystine.

8. Urine phosphorus.

9. Urine magnesium (helps inhibit stone formation).

10. Urine sodium (does not directly cause stones but affects the amount of calcium in urine and thus its ability to form stones).

Reference(s)

Cifu, D.X. (2020). Braddom’s physical medicine and rehabilitation. Elsevier. Get it on Amazon.
Cuccurullo, S. (2019). Physical medicine and rehabilitation board review. New York: Demosmedical. Get it on Amazon.
O’Young, B., Young, M.A. and Stiens, S.A. (2008). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets. Mosby. Get it on Amazon.