COPD-RISK FACTORS
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Revision as of 11:48, 31 January 2023 by Dr Appukutty Manickam (talk | contribs) (Imported from text file)
SUMMARY
1. Smoking: accounts for >95% burden of disease. All smokers develop airway inflammation. Around ½ develop airflow limitation only 10-20% develop clinical disease.
2. Organic and inorganic dust and fume exposure.
3. Smoke from cooking (solid fuel fires).
4. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness.
5. Respiratory infections/mucous hypersecretion.
6. Genetic e.g. alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Reference(s)
Wilkinson, I. (2017). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hannaman, R. A., Bullock, L., Hatchell, C. A., & Yoffe, M. (2016). Internal medicine review core curriculum, 2017-2018. CO Springs, CO: MedStudy.
Therapeutic Guidelines. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. https://www.tg.org.au [Accessed 2021].
