CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)-FACTORS AFFECTING CO
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SUMMARY
1. Chronotrope: changes cardiac accleration
2. Inotrope: changes strength of cardiac contraction
3. Preload: degree to which myocardium is stretched before contraction
4. Afterload: resistance against which blood is expelled
Reference(s)
Barrett, K.E., Barman, S.M., Boitano, S., Brooks, H.L., Weitz, M., Brian Patrick Kearns, Ganong, W.F. and Mcgraw-Hill Education (Firm (2016). Ganong’s review of medical physiology. 25th ed. New York: Mcgraw Hill Education.
Hall, J.E. and Hall, M.E. (2020). Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. S.L.: Elsevier - Health Science.
West, J.B. and Luks, A.M. (2021). West’s Pulmonary Pathophysiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
