AUSCULTATION FINDINGS-TYPES OF CRACKLES
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SUMMARY
Caused by opening/closing of alveoli + small airways.
1. Early inspiratory crackles - diseases of the small airways. Cause: COPD.
2. Late inspiratory crackles - diseases of the alveoli. Divided into fine (pulmonary fibrosis), medium (CCF), coarse (bronchiectasis, pooled secretions of any cause).
Reference(s)
Wilkinson, I. (2017). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hannaman, R. A., Bullock, L., Hatchell, C. A., & Yoffe, M. (2016). Internal medicine review core curriculum, 2017-2018. CO Springs, CO: MedStudy.
Therapeutic Guidelines. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. https://www.tg.org.au [Accessed 2021].
