View source for DIABETES MELLITUS-COMPLICATION MONITORING

===== [[Summary Article|'''SUMMARY''']] =====
1. Patients need annual evaluations for microvascular complications.
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<br/>2. Do a urine spot albumin:creatinine as a test for nephropathy (normal &lt; 30 mg/g). Microalbuminuria is 30-300 mg/g.
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<br/>3. Check creatinine and estimate GFR.
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<br/>4. Ophthalmologist for a slit lamp exam/fundus photography and rapidly refer macular edema or proliferative retinopathy. 
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<br/>5. Inspect the feet visually and perform a sensory evaluation using the 10 gm monofilament, pinprick, temperature, and vibration. 
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<br/>6. Loss of two-point discrimination &amp; vibratory sense predicts foot ulcers.


==Reference(s)==
Wilkinson, I., Furmedge, D. and Sinharay, R. (2017). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [https://amzn.to/3YHrI6K Get it on Amazon.]
<br/>Feather, A., Randall, D. and Waterhouse, M. (2020). Kumar And Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. S.L.: Elsevier Health Sciences. [https://amzn.to/3k7WSW0 Get it on Amazon.]
<br/>Hannaman, R. A., Bullock, L., Hatchell, C. A., & Yoffe, M. (2016). Internal medicine review core curriculum, 2017-2018. CO Springs, CO: MedStudy.
<br/>Therapeutic Guidelines. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited. https://www.tg.org.au [Accessed 2021].

[[Category:Diabetes Mellitus]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]