View source for CORTICOSPINAL TRACT-DEFICITS (UMN SIGNS)

===== [[Summary Article|'''SUMMARY''']] =====
<i>POSITIVE SIGNS (ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS)</i>
<br/>
<br/>1. Hypertonia &amp; spasticity: initially flaccid paralysis &amp; areflexia, hypertonia classically sets in after period of spinal shock (8-12 weeks)
<br/>2. Hyper-reflexia
<br/>3. Release of primitive reflexes: extensor plantar response, Hoffman's sign (UL sign)
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<br/>4. Extrapyramidal signs: athetosis, dystonia
<br/>5. Extensor posturing (UL flexors &gt; UL extensors &amp; LL extensors &gt; LL flexors)
<br/>
<br/><i>NEGATIVE SIGNS (PERFORMANCE DEFICITS)</i>
<br/>1. Pronator drift: first to occur, before weakness or reflex changes
<br/>2. Hemiplegia/hemiparesis, paraplegia/paraparesis (weakness of LL)
<br/>3. Loss of abdominal reflexes on the affected side
<br/>
<br/>4. No muscle wasting


==Reference(s)==
R.M.H McMinn (1998). Last’s anatomy: regional and applied. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. [https://amzn.to/3xyB8Wc Get it on Amazon.]
<br/>Drake, Richard L., et al. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier, 2023. [https://amzn.to/3KhTEtQ Get it on Amazon.]

[[Category:Corticospinal Tract]]
[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]